About me
My
name is Anam Humayun Ahmed. I am 17 years old and I'm a student of
Lahore Grammar School Paragon city. This blog is created for my media
studies' case studies. The two movies I have chosen for this is a Hollywood Blockbuster, Beauty and the Beast
(2017) and a British Independent Film, Lady Macbeth (2017).
Terminology
Media Consumption
Media consumption or media diet is the sum of information and entertainment media taken in by an individual or group. It includes activities such as interacting with new media, reading books and magazines, watching television and film, and listening to radio.Read more
Audience
An
audience is a group of people who participate in a show or encounter a
work of art, literature (in which they are called "readers"), theatre,
music (in which they are called "listeners"), video games (in which they
are called "players"), or academics in any medium. Audience members
participate in different ways in different kinds of art; some events
invite overt audience participation and others allowing only modest
clapping and criticism and reception.
Media audience studies have become a recognized part of the curriculum. Audience theory
offers scholarly insight into audiences in general. These insights
shape our knowledge of just how audiences affect and are affected by
different forms of art. The biggest art form is the mass media. Films,
video games, radio shows, software (and hardware), and other formats are
affected by the audience and its reviews and recommendations. Read more
Media Ownership
Concentration
of media ownership (also known as media consolidation or media
convergence) is a process whereby progressively fewer individuals or
organizations control increasing shares of the mass media.
Contemporary research demonstrates increasing levels of consolidation,
with many media industries already highly concentrated and dominated by a
very small number of firms. Globally, large media conglomerates include
National Amusements (Viacom and CBS Corporation), Time Warner, 21st
Century Fox, Sony, Comcast, The Walt Disney Company, AT&T, Hearst
Communications, MGM Holdings, Grupo Globo and Lagardère Group. As of
2015, Comcast Corporation is the largest media conglomerate in the US,
with The Walt Disney Company, News Corp and Time Warner ranking second,
third and fourth respectively. In nations described as authoritarian by
most international think-tanks and NGOs, media ownership is generally
something very close to the complete state control over information in
direct or indirect ways. Read more
Technologies
Technology is the collection of techniques, skills, methods, and processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation. Technology can be the knowledge of techniques, processes, and the like, or it can be embedded in machines to allow for operation without detailed knowledge of their workings. Read more
Institutions
Institutions
are "stable, valued, recurring patterns of behavior". As structures or
mechanisms of social order, they govern the behavior of a set of
individuals within a given community. Institutions are identified with a
social purpose, transcending individuals and intentions by mediating
the rules that govern living behavior. The term "institution" commonly
applies to both informal institutions such as customs, or behavior
patterns important to a society, and to particular formal institutions
created by entities such as the government and public services. Primary
or meta-institutions are institutions such as the family that are broad
enough to encompass other institutions. Read more
Hardware
In
information technology, hardware is the physical aspect of computers,
telecommunications, and other devices. The term arose as a way to
distinguish the "box" and the electronic circuitry and components of a
computer from the program you put in it to make it do things. Hardware
implies permanence and invariability. Software or programming can easily
be varied. You can put an entirely new program in the hardware and make
it create an entirely new experience for the user.
Cross Media Convergence
Technological convergence refers to the process where new technology is
moving towards single platforms delivering multiple media outputs that
can be used to reach audiences, for example, a PS3's primary function is
video gaming but you can download and watch movies from Lovefilm.com on
it and also watch catch up TV and music videos. Convergent technology is technology that allows an audience to consume more than one type of media from a single platform. Lots
of aspects of the internet e.g. social networking, YouTube, online
editions of newspapers and magazines are convergent but candidates
cannot quote the internet as the sole aspect of their answer. Their
answer needs to be linked into the media area they are talking about
(Film, Music, Magazines, Newspapers, Radio, Video Games). For example if
they were talking about newspapers you could link in to their online
editions and talk about how this differs from the traditional paper
version and the opportunities it presents or if talking about film,
candidates could, for example, point to Facebook campaigns advertising a
film or viral marketing spread via the internet. Digital
projection is convergent technology because films that are produced
digitally have moved away from the physical film medium and can be
supplied to theatres in digital format (lower costs for distribution
versus higher start up costs for theatres switching to digital
technology). As the film is in digital format there are also cost
savings as potentially less work needs to be done on the film to get it
onto Blu-Ray, DVD, internet trailers etc as no physical conversion needs
to take place because the film is already in digital format. Cross
Media Convergence is really a Business Studies term and refers to
companies coming together vertically or horizontally (or both). The
example often cited in exams is of Working Title making use of its
parent company(s) to gain access to bigger stars and a better
distribution network for their films.
Technological Convergence
Convergence is
a deep integration of knowledge, tools, and all relevant activities of
human activity for a common goal, to allow society to answer new
questions to change the respective physical or social ecosystem. Such
changes in the respective ecosystem open new trends, pathways, and
opportunities in the following divergent phase of the process Digitalization
is not so much defined by its physical infrastructure, but by the
content or the medium. Jan van Dijk suggests that "digitalization means
breaking down signals into bytes consisting of ones and zeros".
Convergence is defined by Blackman, 1998, as a trend in the evolution of
technology services and industry structures. Convergence is later
defined more specifically as the coming together of telecommunications,
computing and broadcasting into a single digital bit-stream. Mueller
stands against the statement that convergence is really a takeover of
all forms of media by one technology: digital computers.Media
technological convergence is the tendency that as technology changes,
different technological system sometimes evolve toward performing
similar tasks. Digital convergence refers to the convergence of four
industries into one conglomerate, ITTCE (Information Technologies,
Telecommunication, Consumer Electronics, and Entertainment). Previously
separate technologies such as voice (and telephony features), data (and
productivity applications), and video can now share resources and
interact with each other synergistically. Telecommunications convergence
(also called "network convergence") describes emerging
telecommunications technologies, and network architecture used to
migrate multiple communications services into a single network.
Specifically this involves the converging of previously distinct media
such as telephony and data communications into common interfaces on
single devices, such as most smart phones can make phone calls and
search the web. Media convergence is the interlinking of computing and
other information technologies, media content, media companies and
communication networks that have arisen as the result of the evolution
and popularization of the Internet as well as the activities, products
and services that have emerged in the digital media space. Many experts
view this as simply being the tip of the iceberg, as all facets of
institutional activity and social life such as business, government,
art, journalism, health, and education are increasingly being carried
out in these digital media spaces across a growing network of
information and communication technology devices. Also included in this
topic is the basis of computer networks, wherein many different
operating systems are able to communicate via different protocols.
Convergent services, such as VoIP, IPTV, Smart TV, and others, tend to
replace the older technologies and thus can disrupt markets. IP-based
convergence is inevitable and will result in new service and new demand
in the market. When the old technology converges into the public-owned
common, IP based services become access-independent or less dependent.
The old service is access-dependent. Cross-media
convergence can help with synergy if companies are wise enough to take
advantage of the links they have forged. Disney is an obvious example of
a synergistic company from the top down from Film Studio to Kids' TV
Channel (where it further plays and promotes its films) to the Disney
Store (in the street and online) where your kids can pester you to buy
all the merchandise and DVDs/CDs they've seen on the TV/Web or in the
cinema.
Read more
Synergy
A state in which two or more things work together in a particularly fruitful way that produces an effect greater than the sum of their individual effects. Expressed also as "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts." Read more
Proliferation
It is a sudden increase in number or amount. The
proliferation of mass media - television, radio, internet and print
media - with its reach across vast swaths of the globe has made it a
strategic imperative for countries today to proactively manage their
image and perceptions if they are to become a Soft power. Forming,
communicating and managing India's appealing attributes in an era of
24/7 news becomes increasingly important to how we are perceived by
other nations and peoples. A corollary to communicating our attributes
is that we need to contemplate and define the attributes that best
define us as a nation.
Production
Media production
includes full-time and freelance workers in any field of communication,
entertainment or information that reaches a wide range of people. Media production refers to the professional creation of such content.
Distribution
Digital
distribution (also referred to as content delivery, online
distribution, or electronic software distribution (ESD), among others)
is the delivery or distribution of media content such as audio, video,
software and video games. The term is generally used to describe
distribution over an online delivery medium, such as the Internet, thus
bypassing physical distribution methods, such as paper, compact discs,
and VHS videocassettes. The term online distribution is typically
applied to freestanding products; downloadable add-ons for other
products are more commonly known as downloadable content. With the
advancement of network bandwidth capabilities, online distribution
became prominent in the 21st century. Content distributed online may be
streamed or downloaded, and often consists of books, films and
television programs, music, software, and video games. Streaming
involves downloading and using content at a user's request, or
"on-demand", rather than allowing a user to store it permanently. In
contrast, fully downloading content to a hard drive or other form of
storage media may allow offline access in the future. Specialist
networks known as content delivery networks help distribute content over
the Internet by ensuring both high availability and high performance.
Alternative technologies for content delivery include peer-to-peer file
sharing technologies. Alternatively, content delivery platforms create
and syndicate content remotely, acting like hosted content management
systems. However, the term is also used in film distribution to describe
distribution of content through physical media, in opposition to
distribution by analog media such as photographic film and magnetic
tape. Read more
Marketing
It is the action or business of promoting and selling products or services, including market research and advertising. A
media market, broadcast market, media region, designated market area
(DMA), television market area, or simply market is a region where the
population can receive the same (or similar) television and radio
station offerings, and may also include other types of media including
newspapers and Internet content. They can coincide or overlap with one
or more metropolitan areas, though rural regions with few significant
population centers can also be designated as markets. Conversely, very
large metropolitan areas can sometimes be subdivided into multiple
segments. Market regions may overlap, meaning that people residing on
the edge of one media market may be able to receive content from other
nearby markets. They are widely used in audience measurements, which are
compiled in the United States by Nielsen Media Research. Nielsen
measures both television and radio audiences since its acquisition of
Arbitron, which was completed in September 2013. Markets
are identified by the largest city, which are usually located in the
center of the market region. However, geography and the fact that some
metropolitan areas have large cities separated by some distance can make
markets have unusual shapes and result in two, three, or more names
being used to identify a single region (such as Wichita-Hutchinson,
Kansas; Chico-Redding, California; Albany-Schenectady-Troy, New York;
and Harrisburg-Lebanon-Lancaster-York, Pennsylvania). In the United
States, radio markets are generally a bit smaller than their television
counterparts, as broadcast power restrictions are stricter for radio
than TV, and TV reaches further via cable. AM band and FM band radio
ratings are sometimes separated, as are broadcast and cable television.
Market researchers also subdivide ratings demographically between
different age groups, genders, and ethnic backgrounds; as well as
psychographically between income levels and other non-physical factors.
This information is used by advertisers to determine how to reach a
specific audience. In countries such as the United Kingdom, a government
body defines the media markets; in countries such as the United States,
media regions are defined by a privately held institution, without
government status. Read more
Exhibition
An
exhibition, in the most general sense, is an organized presentation and
display of a selection of items. In practice, exhibitions usually occur
within museums, galleries and exhibition halls, and World's fairs.
Exhibitions can include many things such as art in both major museums
and smaller galleries, interpretive exhibitions, natural history museums
and history museums, and also varieties such as more commercially
focused exhibitions and trade fairs. The word "exhibition" is usually,
but not always, the word used for a collection of items made available
to an audience. The term "exhibit" generally refers to a single item
being shown within an exhibition. In common usage, "exhibitions" are
considered temporary and usually scheduled to open and close on specific
dates. While many exhibitions are shown in just one venue, some
exhibitions are shown in multiple locations and are called travelling
exhibitions, and some are online exhibitions. Though exhibitions are
common events, the concept of an exhibition is quite wide and
encompasses many variables. Exhibitions range from an extraordinarily
large event such as a World's fair exposition to small one-artist solo
shows or a display of just one item. Curators are sometimes involved as
the people who select the items in an exhibition. Writers and editors
are sometimes needed to write text, labels and accompanying printed
material such as catalogs and books. Architects, exhibition designers,
graphic designers and other designers may be needed to shape the
exhibition space and give form to the editorial content. Organizing and
holding exhibitions also requires effective event planning, management,
and logistics. Read more
